- Islamic Education / Children education in Islam
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- Chidren education 2008
Seeking religious knowledge is an obligation upon every Muslim:
Dear brother, this is lesson No. 14 of the series, Children Upbringing in Islam, and we are still tackling the mental education. This topic is very delicate, so it needs an introduction. If we give a very knowledgeable scholar an electrocardiogram, he is unable to read and he is in this case illiterate in reading the ECG, is not that true? Therefore, regardless how much knowledge this scholar has or how excellent he is in his field, he is illiterate concerning ECG, and all he can see in it is just lines with sharp angles. However, if a cardiologist reads this ECG, he will discover lots of things, and he will be able to know that there are extra systoles, premature beats or tachycardia, given most heart diseases can be diagnosed through reading the ECG, but the scholar is illiterate in this field. On the other hand, any physician regardless his scientific degree, whether it is an American Board, British FRS (Fellow of the Royal Society) or Arabic Board, is considered illiterate in the religious knowledge.
The word "science" is a general word and seeking religious knowledge is an obligation on every Muslim whether he is a doctor, an architect, a pilot, or someone who has a very rare specialist like nuclear physics. Unless the Muslim seeks the religious knowledge he is considered illiterate in it.
Learning Islamic religion is an obligation upon every Muslim:
When we say "Mental Education", we are talking about the brain as a device which should be fed by knowledge, but if the knowledge is non-religious and only scientific, whoever acquires this knowledge is clever but not prudent. The clever man is able to acquire the highest scientific degrees in rare s scientific major, and this certificate might bring him astronomical income, but he will be still illiterate in religious knowledge as long as he does not seek it, and he will not be considered prudent, simply because he does not get acquainted with Allah, and he does not know the reason behind his existence or the purpose of it.
I meant from this introduction to address every educated person whether he is a doctor or an engineer, or he has a PHD in informatics, and to draw his attention to the fact that his scientific knowledge is not enough, and that he should seek religious knowledge, because seeking it is an obligation on every individual Muslim. Let alone, it is related to man's safety, happiness and destiny.
A very highly educated man in an Arabic country offered Hajj once, and on his way back he said to his friend next to him, "If only they made Hajj five times throughout the year, it would not be so crowded." Obviously, this man has no idea what Hajj is.
As a father, you will try to put your son in best schools, teach him three languages (English, French and Arabic), teach him computer, informatics and translation and register him in so many activities, but are you keen on teaching him his religion? If you are not, then you are not prudent, but rather you are clever.
Actually, not every clever man is prudent, for prudence is inclusive whereas cleverness is partial (in one field may be). Therefore, whoever is gifted with intelligence and skills is able to acquire the highest scientific degrees, but unless he acquires the religious knowledge, he will be considered illiterate in it, and he might commit major sins and errors.
Whoever is away from Allah commits sins without even knowing that they are sins:
Let every father know that giving all the chances for his child to reach the highest scientific degrees, spending his time and money to teach him and bringing him tutors, laptop and other means to be the best in the worldly life, is not enough if he does not teach him religious knowledge. Such a father offers his child nothing, and he does not fulfill his duty towards him, simply because he teaches him nothing about the religious knowledge that is related to the Hereafter.
I agree that all scientific fields are important and learning them is crucial, but the purpose of this knowledge is just to have a comfortable job with a reasonable income. I was told that a doctor in a neighboring Arab country asked for 2 million Liras from the patient in two hours surgery to implant kidney, which means that his single hour costs one million, whereas an illiterate person who works as a plumber might work 8 hours and gets only 200 Liras or maximum 500.
It seems that the highest the scientific degree is, the higher the income will be, so the scientific degrees in medicine, engineering or informatics bring hefty income, and the doctor, the lawyer, the engineer or the merchant are considered exquisite specialties, because they take long years and tremendous efforts, and they bring hefty income and this is what I mean by exquisite. However, when man is far from Allah the Almighty, he might commit major sins without even knowing so.
The different kinds of intelligences in man:
I meant to tell you from this introduction that when you look after your son's scientific achievements, you will be working on his acquiring intelligence, given there are so many kinds of intelligence among which are the instinct intelligence and the emotional intelligence. The one who is gifted with the emotional intelligence is able to gain people's respect, to please sh3er, to avoid provoking them, to contain them, to adapt to them, to fit in and to make them gather around him. Other people might be gifted with a general intelligence which can be means to understand complicated scientific subjects like mathematics or physics. Other people are gifted with technical intelligence through which they are able to disassemble any device and fix it. After all, studying is important to every person.
I admire a comment I was told about Einstein. As you all know, Albert Einstein is the best scientist in physics in the entire world, and he put forth the Theory of Relativity which was a revolution in the basics of physics. Scientists longed to study the brain of Einstein due to his super intelligence. However, if Einstein had been born to an Arab Bedouin father where there are no schools, and all he will grow up with are camels, tents and desert, what would have he been in the future? He would have been a Bedouin as his father, and yes he might have shown intelligence, but in the things he would have had in hands like how many sheep they would have had, and the health situation of each one of them, but he would not have been more than a shepherd, so what made Einstein the scientist we know is the knowledge he acquired and he was superior in.
Whoever has no apparent commitment to religion does not belong to it:
I am forced to tell you this fact: if you do not make your son join the school in order to acquire high education, you are a criminal in his sight, and I know my words are harsh, but you are considered a criminal in this case, because you deprive him of all the advanced accomplishments of our era. However, if you make him join the school, your keenness on his education is just for a good future from which he can make a living, while at the same time you are supposed to make him keen on gaining the Hereafter. This can be achieved by seeking religious knowledge which is crucial as well, and it is a part of your upbringing. By this knowledge, you can plant sound faith in him, give him subtle facts about the universe, teach him the Quran, tell him the biography of the Prophet PBUH, the noble companions and the notable scholars, make him part of this Ummah, make him proud of his religion and tell him that Islam is complete, and it is different from the Muslims who might err.
The very painful fact is that most educated people are unable to differentiate between the great Islam with its Wise Divine Method that has been revealed to us from the Lord of Worlds and the Muslims with all their shortcomings. Most of them see Islam through Muslims, and so they turn away from Islam, which is a grave error. The father's mission is to tell his son that the person who looks religious, but his actions are not right does not represent Islam, and that Islam is a complete perfect method.
Some scholars said whoever calls other people to Allah using superficial, inconsistent and naïve methods, such as referring to dreams, extraordinary incidents, and groundless stories instead of introducing this great religion scientifically to people, is not a Da'iyah (Islamic missioner) to Islam in the Sight of Allah.
Relation between the Greatness of Allah and the Greatness of His Method:
This religion is from Whom? It is from Allah the Creator of the heavens and the earth, so there is greatness in His Method that is stemmed from His Greatness, and fathers should make that clear to their children. When the father teaches his child that Allah is Great, His religion is Great, and His Method is great, his child will be able to pass a right judgment about any exaggeration, irrational Karamah (a supernatural event which happens through a believing righteous person) or unrealistic story.
One of the unrealistic story is about Abu Hanifah, may Allah have mercy on his soul. According to it he used to pray Isha'a and Fajr without renewing his Wudu for forty years (it means that he never slept between the two prayers). This story is irrational and despite the fact that Abu Hanifah is knowledgeable and honorable, the Prophet PBUH himself used to sleep during the night:
((…By Allah, I fear Allah more than you do, and I am most obedient and dutiful among you to Him, but still I observe fast and break it; perform Salat and sleep at night and take wives. So whoever turns away from my Sunnah does not belong to me".))
Such a story about Abu Hanifah is illogical on all levels, and it makes the listener feel that this religion is irrational. Who can spend two nights in row without sleeping? Who can do so? Try it and see that you cannot. Sleeping is essential in man's life.
﴾ And have made the night as a covering (through its darkness), ﴿
Do not try to make a superman out of the believer, for he is as normal as anyone else; he eats, sleeps and drinks, he needs to have a wife, children and a house and he works in commerce or in industry, or he works as a teacher, an architect or a physician. Make Islam look realistic, be superior and realistic and remember that though Prophets, peace be upon them, were at the top of all human beings due to their morals, they lived among people. For instance, the Prophet PBUH used to give the same importance to the little boy and the adult when they talk, he used to laugh at whatever his companions would laugh at, he lived real life, he dealt with hard conditions, he used the means he had, he was under pressures, he was subject of temptations, he met distractions and he was faced with obstacles.
Every parent should add the religious knowledge to his child's worldly knowledge:
I hope that you raise your child to be realistic, to study and to seek high scientific degrees but according to the Divine Method, so teach him his religion, the Quran and the Prophetic Sunnah, and make him feel that he belongs to this Ummah. Do not think that you fulfill your responsibility towards your child when you help him acquire a high scientific degree or master a craft through which he can make lots of money in the future, because as long as you do not teach him to fear Allah, to consider the Hereafter, to get acquainted with the Great Allah, to act upon the upright method and to know the Prophet PBUH whom we should take as an example, you will not fulfill your mission in your child's upbringing.
Hence, it is not enough to educate your son to be a unique specialist as a physician for example, and you do not fully fulfill your duty towards him, for you should add to this worldly knowledge the religious knowledge, so that he will be acquainted with Allah, and will know the Prophet PBUH, his family and his companions who are beacons in the Ummah.
Every father must set an exalted example to his children:
Most of teenagers these days idealize a soccer player or an artist, but this admiration should be towards a notable companion to be taken by them as an example. This is the mission of every father.
I studied the book about the lives of the companions three times, and the author is dead now, may Allah have mercy on his soul, but I give it to him that he wrote this book in a very eloquent style which took care of every tiny detail of their lives in a very logical way. When your son reads about the companions, such as the youth, the elders, the children or the women, he will pick up one of them to be his example. There is a big difference between taking an actor or a player and taking a notable companion like a young one who spent his youth obeying Allah as an example by the teen. The actors or the players might be immoral or corrupted, and in fact some of them were busted in immoral situations and were prosecuted and sentenced in the court of law..
The responsibility of mental and religious upbringing:
Through this introduction I would like to assure you that your responsibility towards your children is not fulfilled by just educating them the earthy sciences which might bring them hefty income in the future, but rather you should teach them religious knowledge. The Prophet PBUH said:
((Train your children in three things: the love of your Prophet, the love of hisprogeny, i.e. Ahlul Bayt, and recitation of the Qur'an.))
Dear brother, there are Islamic terms like Fard Ayn (It is the legal obligation that must be performed by each individual Muslim) and Fard Kifayah (It is the Fard, that if performed by some (a sufficient number), the obligation falls from the rest), and among Fard Al-Kifaya is that this Ummah should have notable, knowledgeable, devoted and conversant scholars who have adequate religious knowledge, in order to be able to refute every doubt that is put forth in public, to give clear and profound evidences of the existence of Allah and His Oneness and Perfection and to show that the Revelation and the Quran are the truth and that the Prophet PBUH is infallible. When we have this group of scholars the rest of Muslims are excused of this duty. Nevertheless, seeking religious knowledge by every individual Muslim is Fard Ayn regardless his specialist (literature, science, medicine or architect), for every Muslim should know his religion which means that seeking this knowledge is an obligation upon every Muslim.
Man's Aqeedah is the most crucial matter in Islam:
What does this religion consist of? You all know that there are millions of Islamic books, but if we want to categorize them, the first crucial matter in religion is Aqeedah, for when it is sound, the deeds will be right, and if it is corrupted the deeds will be wrong.
As you know every millimeter on the radar is one kilometer on land, so if the pilot is mistaken by even one millimeter, his missile will hit the wrong target. Similarly, if there is an error in man's Aqeedah, this error will have effect that is 100 folds worse than the error itself. For example, the concept of Shafa'a (intercession) is misunderstood in the light of the following Hadith. People mistakenly think that there will be no reason for anyone to be upright, because he is granted the Prophet's intercession PBUH on the Day of Resurrection. This absurd idea will lead to corruption, and man might deceive people in selling and buying depending on this misinterpretation of the Hadith:
((Narrated Anas ibn Malik: The Prophet (PBUH) said: My intercession will be for those of my people who have committed major sins.))
Misunderstanding this Hadith and feeling comfortable in committing major sins is a big error. If any belief remains an abstract idea in the mind, then believe whatever you want, but since any belief man has will reflect in his behavior, man should follow the right ideology.
Consider this example, if a student was tipped that he will pass the exams if he brings his teacher a gift to know in return the questions of the exams, will this idea make this student study? Not at all, for it will make him stop studying, and he will spend the entire year in playing with his friends, in attending movie theatres, in hanging out in the streets and in stalking female students, but when the exams come, and he goes to his teacher's doorstep to give him the gift and get the questions of the exam from him, he will receive two slabs on his face. Hence, this wrong idea is the reason behind his failure.
The accepted Aqeedah by Allah is the one that comes out of certainty not of imitation:
I swear by Allah that thousands of misconceptions about Islam are put forth. They are groundless, and they leave man paralyzed and deviated from the right path.
((…And one of you would perform the actions of the inmates of Hell, until there is only one cubit between him and Hell. Then he would perform the acts of the dwellers of Jannah until he would enter it.))
Does that mean that man may spend his life in sins?
Pay attention to this Hadith:
((If you did not commit sin, I would fear that you committed what is graver than sins))
((If you were a people who did not commit sin, Allah would take you away and replace you with a people who would sin and then seek Allah's forgiveness so He could forgive them.))
Does this Hadith mean that it is fine to commit sins then ask Allah for His Forgiveness? Therefore, misinterpreting some religious texts might lead man to be passive. One of the corrupted concepts is fatalism, according to which Allah compels His servants to do their deeds.
He threw him in sea water with his hands tied up
and said to him Do not dare to get wet
Whatever belief man has is reflected on his behavior, and had this been not true, you would have believed in whatever you want, but since believing in something will be manifested in your behavior, conceiving wrong ideologies will end up in adopting deviated behavior. Aqeedah is the most crucial matter in religion, for when it is right, your deeds will be right too.
If we consider religion a pyramid, it will be divided into four sections, the top one is Aqeedah, and as I aforementioned it is the most crucial thing in religion, because it is reflected in man's actions. Allah says:
﴾ So know (O Muhammad PBUH) that La ilaha ill-Allah (none has the right to be worshipped but Allah) ﴿
﴾ So know ﴿
He says "Know", not "Say":
﴾ So know (O Muhammad PBUH) that La ilaha ill-Allah (none has the right to be worshipped but Allah) ﴿
All scholars confirm that man's Aqeedah should be the outcome of his own quest of the truth, and it is not accepted if it is adopted by imitating sh3er, and had it been accepted without the quest for the truth, all deviated sects will survive in the Hereafter since they believe their leaders' ideas and adopt them. Hence, man's Aqeedah will not be accepted but through his quest of the truth.
﴾ So know (O Muhammad PBUH) that La ilaha ill-Allah (none has the right to be worshipped but Allah) ﴿
At the top of the pyramid is and the most important section is Aqeedah, whereas the second section is the acts of worship and Islam's pillars, like Salah. Will this Great Allah Who created the heavens and the earth ask you to offer your acts of worship while you are doing dialysis? Will He ask you to read the Quran, offer Ruku and Sujood while you are counting the money in the register? You will not be concentrating in this case, and you might miss counting 8000 Liras. Some people might think of all earthy concerns (like a problem, a test, a trade or a store) while they are praying.
A man was told by a friend that he offered two Raka't only in Maghrib Salah, but the man was sure that he offered three, and upon being asked by his friend why he was so sure, he said, "I have three boxes full of problems, one box for each Rak'ah, so I solved them all, which means I offered three Rak'at." Will Allah ask you to offer him a formal Salah? This does not befit His Greatness. It is like carrying out your manager's order of going to Homs, then standing in its square for 15 minutes then going back to Damascus, what kind of an order is this? Will you accept it that a manager will give such an order? Much in the same line, will you accept that Allah the Almighty asks you to offer Salah that is all about moves? You should know that your Salah is your means to connect with Allah.
﴾ Verily, As-Salat (the prayer) prevents from Al-Fahsha' (i.e. great sins of every kind, unlawful sexual intercourse, etc.) and Al-Munkar (i.e. disbelief, polytheism, and every kind of evil wicked deed, etc.) and the remembering (praising, etc.) of (you by) Allah (in front of the angels) is greater indeed [than your remembering (praising, etc.) Allah in prayers, etc.].﴿
You remember Allah in your Salah, and when you do so Allah will remember you, given His remembrance of you is greater than your remembrance of Him, for you are offering an act of worship by remembering Allah, but when Allah remembers you, He gives you wisdom, security, content, prosperity, right judgment and correct words to say, and He will cast love into the hearts of people to you. Thus, the fruits of Salah are outstanding. The Prophet PBUH said:
((Salah is a foundation of the religion (Islam). He who establishes it, establishes religion; and he who destroys it, destroys religion))
Islam is a moral method that is far from deviation:
The most important thing is Aqeedah through which man believes in the Existence of Allah, His Oneness and His Perfection. Unlike the Islamic Aqeedah, there are wrong beliefs in Europe, such as believing that homosexuality is closely related to man's genes. This misconception is very common in Europe and it is relieving to the gays. Since every gay in Europe is convinced that homosexuality is due to a defect in his genes, he is treated as a good person, and he deserves a social position. Some countries even allow the same-sex marriage, and so a minister or an ambassador might appear with his same-sex spouse instead of a wife. This whole thing starts from a wrong idea that homosexuality is the outcome of a defect in specific genes, but how come Allah causes this defect then calls man to account and admits him to Hellfire? This means the whole idea is groundless.
Clinton in his last days as a president threw a bombshell, which was the scientific breakthrough of discovering the genome, and the most important part of this breakthrough is that man's behavior has nothing to do with genes.
Man sometimes resorts to relieving yet untrue things. If two men want to buy a car; one of them buys it and the other does not, and a rumor spreads in the country that a new law will be enacted about reducing the customs duties by half, what will be the reaction of those two men? The one who buys the car will refute the rumor without any proof, research or investigation (because refuting the rumor gives him comfort), while the one who does not buy a car, will believe the rumor without any proof (because it gives him hope to buy a car). Thus, in most cases you believe something, though it is not right, just to feel comfortable, and you deny something, though it is true, because it bsh3er you. Accordingly, some Muslims tend to hold on to the following Hadith:
(( Anas ibn Malik narrated: The Prophet (PBUH) said: My intercession will be for those of my people who have committed major sins.))
When this Hadith is misinterpreted, they will hold on to it, because this misinterpretation gives them room to do whatever they want, such as cheating people, deceiving them, lying to them or exploiting their money, then they will be pardoned for all that by the Prophet's intercession. This is how every error in Aqeedah will reflect in deviated behavior. Some immoral people refer to the following Hadith to justify their wrongdoings: The Prophet PBUH also said:
((If you were a people who did not commit sin, Allah would take you away and replace you with a people who would sin and then seek Allah's forgiveness so He could forgive them.))
Some people misinterpret this Hadith by saying, "It is a out of man's nature to sin, to mingle with women, to shake hands with them, to feast his eyes on their beauty, to earn ill-gotten money, to lie and to cheat, and the previous Hadith is a proof", but where does that misinterpretation leave fulfilling promises, mercy and justice? Imam Ja'far, may Allah be pleased with him, said to AnNajashi:
((O King, we were a people in a state of ignorance and immorality, worshipping idols and eating the flesh of dead animals, committing all sorts of abomination and shameful deeds. breaking the ties of kinship, treating guests badly and the strong among us exploited the weak. We remained in this state until Allah sent us a Prophet, one of our own people whose lineage, truthfulness, trustworthiness and integrity were well-known to us. He called us to worship Allah alone and to renounce the stones and the idols which we and our ancestors used to worship besides Allah. He commanded us to speak the truth, to honor our promises, to be kind to our relations, to be helpful to our neighbors, to cease all forbidden acts, to abstain from bloodshed.))
This is Islam, which is about morals.
Four matters by following which man exalts:
In Islam there are the ritual acts of worship and the transactional acts of worship. I always mention the fact that unless your transactional acts of worship are performed properly, like being honest, trustworthy, fair and chaste, your ritual acts of worship will not be accepted and will not be right.
As I have just said Aqeedah is the top of the sections of Islam and after it comes the ritual acts of worship, and in the third place comes the transactional acts of worship.
The fourth and last section is the etiquettes, like the etiquettes of hosting guests, of traveling, of the husband, of the wife, of the son or of the father. Islamic etiquettes are very interesting, and the true Muslim should be perfect, polite, honest, trustworthy, chaste, humble and just, and he should love goodness.
Dear brother, I would like to make an analogy between the one who does not get acquainted with Allah and the sheep that is dead on a road. This sheep if it is not picked up from its spot, its smell will be awful, but on the other hand the hungry man will enjoy eating a fresh meat and will keep mentioning this meal for life, given this is meat and that is meat as well.
Like the carrion of the sheep, whoever does not know Allah stings, he is foul-mouthed, he throws dirty jokes, he does harsh pranks and he is mean, selfish, lustful, a liar, a deceiver and hypocrite, so he is a mass of errors that moves, and this person is disgusting and is unbearable. The believer, on the other hand, is not like that, but he is not a true one if he does not gain people's love due to his humility, justice, love to people, uprightness, honesty and trustworthiness, so what marks the believer is that he should be loved by sh3er, otherwise he is not a true believer.
In concise, Islam in its four sections: the sound Aqeedah, the proper performance of the ritual acts of worship, the proper performance of the transactional acts of worship and the perfect etiquettes, will give to the world a very exalted human being (i.e. the true believer).
Every Muslim should raise his children according to Islam:
Fathers should know that educating their children to become doctors (or any highly educated career) is not enough. By Allah dear brother, when man is not acquainted with Allah, he has the ability to do what brings shame. Do you believe that in some hospitals where cancer medications are given for free to patients are replaced by distilled water and the real medications are sold to special clinics for 100.000 Liras? Can you imagine that any human being might do so? It is possible even if he has the highest scientific degree since he is not acquainted with Allah.
When man does not know Allah, he turns into a selfish self-conceited monster and all that matters to him is to collect hefty wealth. I know so many shameful stories of that kind about highly educated people.
Pay heed, for if you are not raised according to Islam, and if you do not build profound faith, acquire sound Aqeedah, offer ritual acts of worship rightly, control your transactional acts of worship and apply Islamic etiquettes, you will not be accepted in the Sight of Allah.
Whoever is fond of his children adds to their worldly knowledge the religious one:
This is the last lecture in mental education, so I would like to confirm this: Beware of assuming that you accomplish your mission as a father if you educate your son to become a doctor or an architect, or if you allow him to have high education in Britain. A highly educated person, who is Board certified, might not be upright if he is not connected with Allah, so do you want to be connected with Allah and to fulfill your mission in Islam? Will you be satisfied by just educating your son earthy knowledge?
Indeed educating your son will grant him good provision in the future but add to this scientific knowledge religious knowledge so that he will get acquainted with Allah, he will have a religious frame of reference and he will go to the Masjid and attend a religious session there.
What is given in these sessions is not less important than the lectures given at universities. Better yet, the lesson given in the Masjid is about profound and concrete knowledge that is deeply rooted and had authenticated references. Also, most of these lessons are taped, so one might be able to listen to them any time.
Keep in mind that your son will not be religiously committed if you do not make him attend a Majid where the Imam is trustworthy, cleanness is obvious, the Aqeedah that is taught in it is sound, the relations between the attendants are based on mutual respect and kindness.
Can anyone acquire PHD in medicine over night? Not at all, for the one who wants to acquire PHD should study for 33 years to reach this degree. The same goes for seeking faith and striving for paradise; no one can gain them without studying religious knowledge, which is only obtained from trustful references, or else man will get nothing but superstitions from common people, and so he will not be able to know Halal and Haram.
Every individual should get acquainted with Allah and follow His Right Path:
Anyhow, we are in dire need of conveying to our children the right religious knowledge. If the father is well-educated religiously, then may Allah bless him, for he can convey this knowledge to his son, but if he is not, let him join his son to a trustful Masjid where the right Aqeedah is taught according to clear and sound references and supported with correct proofs without any exaggerations, deviations or shaky grounds. Therefore, if you know a Masjid where there is a trustful Khateeb, let your son go there, so that he will befriend believers. Also, you should not be satisfied with just educating him earthy knowledge for it is not enough.
In fact highly educated people are one million times more prone to deviation than ignorant ones. If you go to a non-religious doctor, who does not know Allah at all, he might ask you to run 12 lab tests given you might need only one of them, but in order to make money after plotting with the lab doctor, he asks for those tests and split the profits two ways. In this case, are you able to figure out his deceit? You are not! Also, a cardiologist may use a Chinese valve which worth 35.000Liras, and he takes form his patient 65.000 claiming that he uses an American valve, so can this patient after the operation is over and the valve is placed in the heart know about this scam?
He cannot. Therefore, the highly educated corrupted person is more prone to be deviated without being busted. Hence, it is not enough to acquire a PHD, for you need to get acquainted with Allah, to follow His Right Path and to refrain from violating His Limits.
